Summary Of The New Jim Crow - 1742 Words

Works Cited Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: New Press, 2010. 261 Pages â€Å"The New Jim Crow† Summary â€Å"The New Jim Crow† was written by Michelle Alexander based off of her experience working for the ACLU of Oakland in which she saw racial bias in the justice system that constituted people of color second-class citizens (Alexander 3); which is why the comparison had been made to the Jim Crow laws that existed in the nineteenth century consistently throughout Alexanders novel. Alexander notes comparisons in white resentment, colorblind language, segregation in neighborhoods, legal discrimination, etc., while the difference are the lack of activism that is shown in response to†¦show more content†¦But because of color-blindness, these facts are not realized by many people (141). Which makes it difficult to fix a problem that society does not know that it has (141-143). While chapter three introduces the shame that ex-prisoners face, chapter four entirely covers the system that goes into place after felons are released from jail (140). The stigmas that went with the Jim Crow laws, according to Alexander, were better than the current stigmas that African Americans face after they are released from jail in modern American(154-156). Alexander notes the dehumanization of African Americans and how the self-hate they began to face turns the entire black community against one another (161-167). Alexander believes that if there was any real equality during the Civil rights movement, mass incarceration would not exist, but it does today because of colorblindness (177). Before her conclusion, Alexander points out the multiple similarities between current mass incarceration and Jim Crow (182). One major comparison is how mass incarceration segregates the community physically throughShow MoreRelatedIs The Mass Incarceration Of Blacks The New Jim Crow?1540 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Mass Incarceration of Blacks the new Jim Crow? American has a legacy of the mistreatment and disenfranchisement of African Americans. The same bad treatment that many think only took place in the past is in fact still intact, it’s just presented in a new way. The mass incarceration of blacks in the Unites States can be attributed to the â€Å"racial hierarchy† that has always existed. The U.S contributes to about 5% of the worlds overall population, and about 25% of the worlds prison populationRead MoreEffects Of Jim Crow1510 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Jim Crow Laws in America Jim Crow Laws were created in Southern States to promote a separate but equal idea within minority communities (The Jim Crow South). It gave a false perception that America was taking a step in the right direction towards racism. The truth was that it was masking segregation in America. In some aspects Jim Crow laws still exist today but instead of color, it is social status that is used. Jim Crow laws has greatly affected America by minimizing education benefitsRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration On The Age Colorblindness Written By Legal Scholar1197 Words   |  5 Pages Summary The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration on the Age Colorblindness written by legal scholar, Michelle Alexander, explores a new caste system that targets black or brown men across improvised communities in the United States. According to Alexander, The New Jim Crow laws were created to hinder the growth of black or brown men by using the criminal justice system to enslave them into a vicious cycle of oppression. The Jim Crow laws that relished our nation’s history so many years earlier hasRead MoreQuavyon Green . Professor Irwin . English 1113 . 2/19/2017 .987 Words   |  4 PagesQuavyon Green   Professor Irwin   English 1113   2/19/2017     Ã‚   In The New Jim Crow by  Michelle Alexander is about a shocking statistic. That more African American men  are in  correctional facilities  or on probation than were enslaved in the mid 1800s  before the Civil war started. She offers her perspective on the mass incarceration of African American men  in the US. Taking shots  at all she holds responsible for the  issues.  She explores the social and systematic influence of racial stereotypes and  policiesRead MoreRacial Discrimination Still Exists in Society Essay1219 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernor of New York. All throughout history, discrimination has been an underlying issue and is one that must be stopped and fixed. Throughout time African-Americans have been the most notable victims of discrimination. Dating back to the early seventeenth century, blacks have been discriminated and enslaved for absolutely no reason. There have been many attempts to end the discrimination, but as hard as people try this is an issu e that seems unconquerable. Despite the fact that the Jim Crow era hasRead MoreSummary Of Jim Crow Policing By Bob Herbert1228 Words   |  5 PagesSummary and Analysis of â€Å"Jim Crow Policing† This article entitled â€Å"Jim Crow Policing†, written by Bob Herbert, is an opinionated article which aims to shed light on the alleged racist and xenophobic behaviors of the New York Police Department. The article was published on February 1st, 2010, almost 7 years ago, which is important to note because of the changing environment that New York is as a whole. Herbert takes a stance against the NYPD, claiming that the officers of the department have â€Å"noRead MorePlessy vs. Ferguson: A Case Study735 Words   |  3 PagesPlessy v. Ferguson Background After the end of Reconstruction in 1877 Southern state legislatures enacted Jim Crow laws to legally segregate the races. In 1890, the Louisiana legislature passed a law requiring railroads to separate passengers on the basis of race. Trains that had two or more passenger cars were required to have designated seating for different races. If there was only one passenger car in a train, these cars were to be divided by a curtain or some other form of partition. ARead MoreThe African American Civil Rights Movement1450 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican civil rights movement, Africans Americans still were faced with Jim Crow laws which segregated them from whites. Under the Jim Crow laws African Americans had different schools, bathrooms, trains, buses and many other things that were separated from the white population. The case, Plessy v. Ferguson went through the U.S. Supreme Court and turned out to make a legal policy â€Å"separate but equal† (A Brief History of Jim Crow). The Af rican Americans went on to develop the African American movementRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pages Michelle Alexander’s book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, examines mass incarceration in the United States, why the criminal justice system works the way it does towards minorities, the detriments associated with mass incarceration as it relates to offenders, and much more. In the introduction of her book, Alexander immediately paints the harsh reality of mass incarceration with the story of Jarvious Cotton who is denied the right to vote among other rights becauseRead MoreThe Rebirth Of Caste By Michelle Alexander1744 Words   |  7 Pagesends following the end of slavery and the dismantling of the original Jim Crow. She describes the starting point of it all is to bring about the separation of the poor whites and blacks; creating a hierarchy in the United States social class. The author believes this is possible largely, by appealing to the biases and uncertainties of lower-class whites. This caste-based system has existed in three different forms: slavery, Jim Crow, and mass incarceration. Alexander’s important influence is to show

Factors Contributing At The Behavioral Health Sector Of...

Intended Audience As a result of an unusually high turnover rate of 33% within the first 90 days of employment, Partners in Behavioral Milestones’ (PBM) upper management and the company involved in the acquisition must understand the factors leading to such high turnover and low retention rate (M. Goff, personal communication, June 29,2016). Additionally, while the company performed services in the behavioral health arena and focused on the highest behavioral disruptive individuals in the Kansas City, Missouri area, DMH and other state agencies had a great deal interest in the staffing capabilities of PBM (M.McGraw, personal communication, August 5, 2016). Therefore, the purpose of this investigation will be to study the factors contributing to the turnover/retention of employees in the behavioral health sector of public service. Ultimately, the research would serve as basis for PBM to develop retention strategies for their workforce. Moreover, other researchers in the same realm of investigation would have a vested interest in the strategies and processes needed to retain health services employees across the market place. Because there existed a number of factor contributing to employee intent to leave and/or rention, civil service mangers would be interested in the outcome of such research (Battaglio French, 2016). Likewise, those in academia would have a great deal of interst in the outcomes of this study as they continue to understand and apply the same analysisShow MoreRelatedResearch: Tabacco Control and Road Safety in Australia1584 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION By the beginning of 21st century, public health activities over different settings led to growth in healthcare. Improvement in large number of diseases, injuries, infectious diseases, nutrition, sanitation, cancers, dental health have led to significant growth in Australia’s health population since last 30 years. 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Play called Absent Friends Essay Example For Students

Play called Absent Friends Essay Absent Friends is a modern comedy written for the stage. Its humor comes from the situations and actions of the characters. The setting is an afternoon tea party, thrown by a group of five friends for an old acquaintance who recently lost his fiancÃÆ'Â ©. All of the characters are an exaggeration of dislikeable traits in everybodys personalities; John, the workaholic who cares more for money than comfort, Paul the stereotypical self-dependant man and Evelyn, the slut succumbing to her own desires despite her husband and child. You also have Marge displaying the obsessive compulsive disorder that annoys everyone in some way and Dianas suspicious, neurotic attitude reminding everyone of someone they know and dislike. The play moves at a steady pace with the burlesque personalities keeping the audience interested, until the character Colin is introduced. His arrival has been discussed by the characters, yet he enters at perhaps the most inconvenient time. Diana and Paul are having a heated argument over Pauls affair, and Evelyn declares To Hell with him when told she cant leave due to Colin arriving. We will write a custom essay on Play called Absent Friends specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This captures the audiences attention, so far the only facts about Colin revealed is that he last these people three years ago, and that his fiancÃÆ'Â © drowned two months previously. From this it is simple to assume he will be a quiet character, sullen and not much of a contributor to the plot. However, he turns out to be the complete opposite of what is expected. His egotistical speeches bring up the wrong thing for every situation in this play. He talks about past relationships, how very nearly it was him rather than Paul with Diana, and constantly flirts with Evelyn. This alone makes his appearance entertaining for the audience, Paul and Dianas recent argument over Pauls relationship with Evelyn provides an awkward situation, perfect for making an empathetic audience feel for the characters, and to take much more of an interest in what is going to happen. It is important to keep an audiences attention captured throughout any performance, be it a speech, competition or play. As a speech needs emotive language to grip the listener, a play needs things to happen with a good pace to stop the viewer becoming bored. In Absent Friends it is possible to say that nothing interesting does happen, if anything really happens at all. There are plays such as Shakespeares Hamlet, full of treachery, murder and angst or musicals consisting of death and romance such as West Side Story, both of these immortalized in film to entertain generations to come, while both were originally written for the stage. But what happens in Absent Friends? There are no demented lovers or exhilarating sword fights, only a group of people having tea together. The real action in the play comes from the issues and relationships between the six characters. A great deal of empathy is needed to really appreciate the happenings of this play. It is based on situations people hear about every day; affairs, false friendships and death. The characters ways of dealing with these situations and how their own personalities affect the others around them is what provides Absent Friendss equivalent to Hamlets betrayal and West Side Storys forbidden romance. Dianas breakdown at the stress of Pauls affair and her need to make her lunch perfect, Evelyns cold sense of indifference to the hurt she knowingly causes people, Marges stress of trying to make sure everyone is cared for whilst trying to give advice to her sick husband down the phone. These are what provides the interest and humor for the play, an audience able to somewhat relate to these characters have a better understanding of what the playwrite Alan Ayckbourn is trying to make them laugh at. .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a , .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a .postImageUrl , .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a , .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a:hover , .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a:visited , .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a:active { border:0!important; } .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a:active , .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u406d756eb26498ae75992b1403abfa2a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Historical Analysis On 1920s EssayThe male characters of the play; John, Paul and Colin, have very strong personalities. John is a business man, throughout the entire play he is trying to engage Paul in talk about business, despite being told Paul doesnt want to listen. He feels awkward at the prospect of talking to Colin, he says to Evelyn Well, I hope he hurries it up. The we can get it over and done with. this blatant discomfort at discussing death gives the audience something to laugh at, his jiggling about on stage, along with anybody feeling awkward is laughable. Paul is perhaps the only true stereotypical character, his need to always be right and disregard of dependence on others is indicative of his inability of being an unpredictable and original character. He is more of a set up than true character, his arguments with Diana and attempts to avoid Evelyn give places for the play to turn to, before it has even started Paul provides a major turning point, his affair with Evelyn allows plenty of tension right from the beginning. Finally theres Colin, his arrogant nature and tendency of bringing up best forgotten memories putting the already fragile relationships under serious strain. These strong temperaments all help the play move quickly, comedic situations along with the audiences sympathy for the victims of the negative traits easily gained. Each of the characters have hatable characteristics, but is it possible to like any of them? Evelyn is a moody, rude adulteress, Diana is neurotic and paranoid, and Colin is a conceited idiot. The interest and comedy of the play depends on the audience relating with the six characters, if they were difficult to understand or were boring with blank personalities, it wouldnt work. But if the viewer is meant to be relating to them, can they afford to be hated? It is important for a hated character to have a reason for being so, Shakespeares creation Macbeth is driven to murder after hearing a prophecy, and we follow his decline into an evil monster. While none of the friends go to such dramatic lengths at any point, they all become worse people the closer to the end they get. Diana pours a jug of cream over Pauls head for a small joke he says, Marge becomes glued to the phone, paying more attention to her fully grown husband than the people she is currently with, and Colin who only has half the play goes from a bloke who always thinks hes right to an insensitive prat embarrassing Paul and himself. As I mentioned before, Paul isnt really capable of true character development, but the negative aspects become more obvious. At the very beginning of the play he says to Diana, Evelyn and Marge The mothers meeting is it? When it is known Marge cant have children. However, the actual audience only learns this fact later on, so Pauls insensitivity is not noticed so early in the play. The true friendships in this play are missing in the way that nobody is truly honest with anybody else, and old friendships have been forgotten. Though Paul tells John he slept with his wife, a mark of friendship, the fact remains he went behind his wifes and friends backs. As for Colin, Evelyn doesnt know or care for him, and Pauls response to being told he is visiting is Colin who? and an argument with Diana. The play is based on the situations the six characters find themselves in, and if there was a true friendship between them the play would need a completely new storyline. The lack of a positive relationship between any of the characters is what brings the action and humor to the surface for people to enjoy.

W.E.B DuBois thoughts on education Essay Example For Students

W.E.B DuBois thoughts on education Essay W. E. B DuBoiss thoughts on educationThe Souls of Black Folk, written by W.E.B DuBois is a collection of autobiographical and historical essays containing many themes. DuBois introduced the notion of twoness, a divided awareness of ones identity. One ever feels his two-ness an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled stirrings: two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keep it from being torn asunder (215). There are many underlying themes in this collection of essays. One of the themes that DuBois speaks on extensively is education. DuBois stresses the importance of education amongst the black race. He believes that African Americans should be educated in order to guide and teach the uneducated blacks. DuBois stresses the fact that there is a need for higher education, the importance of role models, and the concept of self-motivation for the African American race. DuBois wrote an essay in The Souls of Black Folk, which gives his opinion on Booker T. Washingtons views on education. Booker T. Washington stresses individual education as the way for blacks to gain upward mobility. DuBois disagrees with this. He feels as though blacks first have to gain the right to vote, civic equality, and education of youth according to ability (248). Both Washington and DuBois want the same thing for blacks first class citizenship but their methods for obtaining it is different. Because of the Smith 2interest in immediate goals contained in Washingtons economic approach, whites did not realize that he anticipated the complete acceptance and integration of blacks in American life. Washington believes that blacks, starting with so little, would have to begin at the bottom and work up gradually to achieve positions of power and responsibility. DuBois understands Washingtons program, but believes that this is not the solution. DuBois shows opposition to Washington s approach, not his intent. We will write a custom essay on W.E.B DuBois thoughts on education specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the fictional story, Of the Coming of John, DuBois rebukes Washingtons ideas of subordination to whites in order to obtain support for black education. The dominant white male of the story speaks the following statement, Now I like the colored people, and sympathize with all this reasonable aspirations; but you and I both know, John, that in this country the Negro must remain subordinate and can never expect to be equal of white men (373). This is a fundamental sentiment that white people in the American society during that time held on to. In this essay W.E.B DuBois shows how this black man, John, was treated in his hometown after returning home with a college education. Both blacks and whites reject his new views. However, to whites the black John represents a devaluing of the college education. If a black person can have a college degree, then having a college degree must not have value. After this reaction from society John started to think, John Jones, youre a natural born fo ol (369). This behavior from society kept the average black person stagnant, and unmotivated. Continuing with the famous debate between Washington and DuBois, DuBois argues in The Training of Black Men that by training blacks for economic usefulness was not Smith 3enough. Using blacks for manual labor without the benefit of education, culture, and ideas belittled them and suggests that they were less than human. Harmonization of race relations could only occur between two self-respecting, cultured, educated races, not between a dominant elite and a forcibly subordinated, resentful minority. The minority would be the black people, and the dominant elite would be the white people. DuBois is adamant on his stance that all black people need an education because he feels as though it is only one way to create equality among the people. DuBois shows that education is also another tool that will help raise the veil for future generations. DuBois feels that the idea of a quality education provides a sense of hope for black people. I cannot hesitate in saying that nowhere have I met m en and women with a broader spirit of helpfulness, with deeper devotion to their life work, or with more consecrated determination to succeed in the face of bitter difficulties than among Negro college bred men (280). The Souls of Black Folk is an attempt to define race relations in psychological and philosophical terms. DuBois sets the stage for future generations to follow his lead. .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6 , .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6 .postImageUrl , .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6 , .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6:hover , .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6:visited , .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6:active { border:0!important; } .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6:active , .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6 .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uad2a51f9da165c85f9ac112167d0dad6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tennessee Williams's Life Story EssaySmith 4Works CitedDuBois, W.E.B The Souls of Black Folk Three Negro Classics. New York : Harper Collins Publishers, 1965. 213-389.

Using the 2 Simple Past Tenses of Spanish

Using the 2 Simple Past Tenses of Spanish English has one simple past tense, but Spanish has two: the preterite and the imperfect. The two past tenses refer in different ways to what has happened. They are called the simple past tenses to distinguish them from verb forms that use an auxiliary verb, such as has left in English and ha salido in Spanish. In other words, the simple past tenses use a single word. Although the English past in a sentence such as he ate can be conveyed in Spanish using either the preterite (comià ³) or the imperfect indicative (comà ­a), the two tenses dont mean the same thing. In general, the preterite is used when speaking of completed action, indicating the verbs action had a clear end. The imperfect is used to refer to an action that doesnt have a specific ending. Here are some more specific uses to clarify the differences between the two tenses. Note that the imperfect is frequently translated in ways other than the English simple past. Key Takeaways: Spanish Simple Past Tense Although English has one simple (single-word) past tense, Spanish has two, and they usually arent interchangeable.In general, the preterite tense is used for actions that took place over a clear period of time.In general, the imperfect tense is used for actions whose conclusion isnt irrelevant or unspecified. Uses for the Preterite Tense The preterite (often spelled preterite) is used to tell of something that happened once: Fuimos ayer a la playa. (We went to the beach yesterday.)Escribà ­ la carta. (I wrote the letter.)Compramos un coche azul.  (We bought a blue car.) It can also tell of something that happened more than once but with a specific end: Fui ayer seis veces a la tienda. (I went to the store six times yesterday.)Leyà ³ el libro cinco veces. (He read the book five times.) Finally, the preterite can indicate the beginning or end of a process: Tuvo frà ­o. (He got cold.)El huracn se terminà ³ a las ocho. (The hurricane was finished at 8.) Uses for the Imperfect Tense On the other hand, the imperfect tells of past habitual or repeated actions where theres no definite end specified. It is often translated as used to verb, would verb, or was/were verb -ing. Iba a la tienda. (I used to go to the store. Note that it is possible that the verbs action continues today.)Leà ­amos los libros. (We would read the books. The English would is sometimes used for the imperfect, as it is here, but it also is sometimes used for the conditional tense.)Lavaban las manos. (They were washing their hands.)Escribà ­a muchas cartas. (I wrote many letters.) The imperfect can describe a condition, mental state, or state of being from the past: Habà ­a una casa aquà ­. (There used to be a house here.)Era està ºpido. (He was stupid.)No te conocà ­a. (I didnt know you.)Querà ­a estar feliz. (He wanted to be happy.)Tenà ­a frà ­o. (He was cold.) To describe an action that occurred over an unspecified time: Se pondrà ­a la ropa de deporte. (She was putting on her athletic clothing.)Cuando Josà © tocaba el piano, Marà ­a comà ­a. (While Josà © was playing the piano, Marà ­a was eating.) To indicate time or age in the past: Era la una de la tarde. (It was 1 p.m.)Tenà ­a 43 aà ±os. (She was 43 years old.) Other Distinctions Between the Past Tenses The imperfect is frequently used to provide the background for an event that is described using the preterite. Era [imperfect] la una de la tarde cuando comià ³ [preterite]. (It was 1 p.m. when she ate.)Yo escribà ­a [imperfect] cuando llegaste [preterite]. (I was writing when you arrived.) Because of the way the two tenses are used, some verbs can be translated using differing words in English depending on the tense in Spanish. This is especially true when the preterite is used to indicate the beginning or end of a process. Conocà ­ [preterite] al presidente. (I met the president.) Conocà ­a [imperfect] al presidente. (I knew the president.)Tuvo [preterite]  frà ­o. (He got cold.) Tenà ­a [imperfect] frà ­o. (He was cold.)Supe [preterite] escuchar. (I found out how to listen.) Sabà ­a [imperfect] escuchar. (I knew how to listen.) Some of the sentences in this lesson could be stated in either tense with a slight change of meaning. For example, while Escribà ­a muchas cartas would be the typical way of saying I wrote many letters, as that is something that typically would take place over an unspecified period of time, one also might say Escribà ­ muchas cartas. But the meaning of the sentence, not readily translatable without a context to English, would change to indicate that the speaker was referring to a specific point in time. For example, if you were talking about writing many letters while you were on a particular trip, you might use the preterite form.

Misplaced Modifiers Mix Meanings

Misplaced Modifiers Mix Meanings Misplaced Modifiers Mix Meanings Misplaced Modifiers Mix Meanings By Mark Nichol Scrambled sentence structure can lead to humorous or at least head-shaking imagery that readers will stumble on. Be alert in your writing for infelicitous misplacement of meaning: 1. â€Å"Kangaroo babies are the size of a lima bean at birth.† But we’re not told how big a lima bean is at birth. Oh perhaps it means this: â€Å"At birth, kangaroo babies are the size of a lima bean.† 2. â€Å"A famous athlete in the ancient Olympics named Milo of Kroton could break a string tied around his head with his bulging forehead veins.† OK, wait, let me get this straight: Milo of Kroton tied a string around his head with his bulging forehead veins? Why not just tie the string to, um, the string? Milo evidently wasn’t using his head after all: â€Å"In the ancient Olympics, a famous athlete named Milo of Kroton could, with his bulging forehead veins, break a string tied around his head.† (It was also unclear whether the athlete or the games were called Milo of Kroton.) 3. â€Å"The first company to pioneer the idea of extended stay in 1975 was started by an apartment developer.† A year-specific long-term residence hotel? What an intriguing business model! Which entrepreneurial insight did they have for 1976? (And first and pioneer are redundant.): â€Å"The company, which pioneered the idea of extended stay, was started by an apartment developer in 1975.† (â€Å"In 1975, an apartment developer started the company, which pioneered the idea of extended stay† is also correct and is also more active, but the context may prefer passive construction.) 4. â€Å"Mail was delivered by the Pony Express in the Wild West, a system in which riders rode to checkpoints, got a new horse, and rode on.† I’ve never heard the Wild West described as a system: The writer meant, â€Å"Mail was delivered in the Wild West by the Pony Express, a system in which riders rode to checkpoints, got a new horse, and rode on.† 5. â€Å"Based on a true story, divers are left behind to float in the open seas in Open Water.† The divers are not based on a true story; a true story inspired the movie: â€Å"In Open Water, based on a true story, two divers are left behind to float in the ocean.† 6. â€Å"The president says valor and sacrifice in the armed forces are no longer defined by sexual orientation at historic signing.† What does sexual orientation at a historic signing have to do with valor and sacrifice?: Nothing. The sentence should read, â€Å"At a historic signing, the president says valor and sacrifice in the armed forces are no longer defined by sexual orientation.† 7. â€Å"If you learn to laugh with, and at, your family, you’ll be able to survive just about anything that life throws at you with confidence and style.† Why let your life throw things, much less throw things with confidence and style?: â€Å"If you learn to laugh with (and at) your family, you’ll be able to survive, with confidence and style, just about anything that life throws at you.† (I also placed â€Å"and at† in parentheses to break up a string of commas that would, unchecked, have flattened the sentence.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should KnowBest Websites to Learn EnglishNarrative, Plot, and Story

What are the strengths and weaknesses of an artificial kidney based on Essay

What are the strengths and weaknesses of an artificial kidney based on the use of proximal convoluted tubule cells - Essay Example In the search for alternative treatment of such diseases, kidney transplant emerged as the most viable option, which has been applied extensively. Nevertheless, despite kidney transplant being a successful option, the costs and the difficulty in finding the kidneys for transplant has promoted another alternative search, this time that entails the application of artificial kidney, based on the use of proximal convoluted tubule cells. This alternative is being widely studied and experimented, since it has shown some rays of hope that it might emerge as a viable alternative for addressing the problem. The discovery of this bio-artificial kidney has shown some potential of saving the life of people who have acute renal failures (Fawcett, 2004 n.p.). The study undertaken with 10 patients with acute kidney problems indicated that the artificial kidney that is based on the use of proximal convoluted tubule cells, is well tolerated by the adult human body, and has the potential of improving their conditions (Fawcett, 2004 n.p.). However, despite this ray of hope, there is a need to understand how the bio-artificial kidney operates. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate the viability of the bio-artificial kidney, with a view to understand the advantages and disadvantages of its application. First, the strength of this bio-artificial kidney is, that it will be the first device of its kind to be implanted inside the body of humans, as opposed to the use of dialysis machines, which are connected to the body externally, and are used to filter the body waste mechanically (Boyle, 2010 n.p.). Therefore, this device eliminates all the inconvenience that are involved in mechanical removal of wastes from the body, considering that the device will be implanted inside the body of a patient, and thus will be performing continuously, as does the normal kidney (Fawcett, 2004 n.p.). The mechanical removal of human waste is associated with a lot of challenges. Most fundamental is t he fact that; the patient is not continuously involved in the removal of body wastes, but has to do it occasionally as programmed through the use of the dialysis machine. This puts the patients at a higher health risk, since the wastes may accumulate at a rate that was not anticipated by the physician, and thus cause the intoxication of the human body, while he/she still awaits the mechanical removal of wastes (Boyle, 2010 n.p.). It is in this consideration that the artificial kidney, based on the use of proximal convoluted tubule cells, is found to be advantageous, since it works like a normal kidney, without the need for programmable removal of kidney wastes. The application of this bio-artificial kidney eliminates the need to locate a patient close to a dialysis center, while also removing the need for them to undergo the extremely consuming procedure. The other strength associated with the use of the artificial kidney, based on the use of proximal convoluted tubule cells is that ; this artificial kidney is developed using the normal biological kidney cells (Fawcett, 2004 n.p.). The kidney is made up of a cartridge that is lined up with renal proximal tubule cells, which helps the kidney to operate like it was a normal kidney. This is because, the cells performs the most vital functions of the kidney, which is the filtration and separation of the kidney waste components from the vital electrolytes, salt, glucose and water, which are essential for the normal body functioning (Boyle, 2010 n.p.). Therefore, the artificial kidney prevents the loss of most important components of the blood system, which would otherwise have been lost through the